Ablative Material Testing Fixture

Group
Liquid Rocketry at Illinois (LRI)
Role
Mechanical Design & Experimental Systems Engineer
Skills
Thermal Testing, Experimental Design, Inverse Heat Conduction, Crank–Nicolson, Parameter Estimation, CAD (Fusion 360), Instrumentation, Thermocouples, Ablative Materials, Design for Safety
Year
2026

Introduction

For Liquid Rocketry at Illinois (LRI), this project combined a remotely operated specimen holder with torch-based testing of graphite references and ChamberSafe ablative samples. The goal was to position samples consistently, increase operator standoff, and compare their response to different heating conditions.

My contribution: I designed the cable-operated fixture, waterjet-cut the disk and sample extenders, and developed the bolt-impact analysis. The thermal campaign and measurement records were team work; the data reanalysis presented here was retrospective.

How can we remotely position specimens and compare their response to different torch conditions?

Initial Design

The bungee return drove the holder into its stops, permanently bending the bolts after a few cycles. Screwdriver pins seated inconsistently, and the layout could expose the operator to the torch plume.

The redesign needed to:

  1. Limit impact loads on the bolts.
  2. Increase the operator’s distance from the torch plume.
  3. Use fixed stops for repeatable sample alignment.

Rotating Fixture Design

The cable-operated disk uses alignment bolts to position the specimens and T-slot walls to stop rotation at 180°. Remote actuation keeps the operator away from the torch during sample changes.

Repeated cycling still permanently bent the clamping bolts, reducing alignment and test repeatability. That observation motivated an impact-load model of the stop.

Demonstration

Stop-Bolt Impact Calculation

Stopping rotation is calculated from elastic stiffness, not selected in advance. I model a rigid rotor stopped by one initially unloaded, equivalent circular cantilever. The baseline assumes small-deflection linear elasticity, negligible bolt inertia, and no dissipation or additional driving work during compression.

InputSymbolValue
Rotor mass moment of inertia\(J\)\(351.352\ \mathrm{lbm\,in^2}\)
\(=0.1028195275\ \mathrm{kg\,m^2}\)
Contact radius\(r_c\)\(3.75\ \mathrm{in}=95.25\ \mathrm{mm}\)
Assumed free cantilever span\(L_b\)\(2.75\ \mathrm{in}=69.85\ \mathrm{mm}\)
Uniform equivalent root diameter\(d\)\(0.19\ \mathrm{in}=4.826\ \mathrm{mm}\)
Illustrative elastic modulus\(E\)\(29\times10^6\ \mathrm{psi}\approx200\ \mathrm{GPa}\)
Assumed yield strength\(S_y\)\(57\ \mathrm{ksi}\)
Selected nominal factor\(n\)2
Selected nominal bending criterion\(S_y/n\)\(28.5\ \mathrm{ksi}\)

Treating the 2.75-inch bending arm as unsupported span is an additional idealization. Computation uses unrounded inch/psi conversions and SI governing equations.

With rotor mass moment \(J\) distinguished from bolt area moment \(I_b\), the tip stiffness is:

\[ I_b=\frac{\pi d^4}{64},\qquad k_b=\frac{3EI_b}{L_b^3}=46.9\ \mathrm{N/mm}. \]

For \(\omega_0=2\pi N/60\), where \(N\) is numerical pre-contact speed in rpm, incoming energy becomes maximum elastic compression. The angle is in radians before conversion to degrees; elastic storage does not prevent rebound.

\[ \begin{aligned} \tfrac12J\omega_0^2&=\tfrac12k_b\delta_{\max}^2,& F_{\max}&=\omega_0\sqrt{Jk_b},\\ \delta_{\max}&=\frac{F_{\max}}{k_b},& \theta_{\max}&\simeq\frac{\delta_{\max}}{r_c}. \end{aligned} \]

Nominal bending stress scales linearly with speed for this fixed-stiffness model. The 4.27 rpm result is a nominal bending screen under the stated model, not a validated operating limit.

\[ \begin{aligned} \sigma_{b,\mathrm{nom}}&=\frac{32F_{\max}L_b}{\pi d^3} =(6.674\ \mathrm{ksi/rpm})N,\\ N_{\mathrm{screen}}&\approx4.27\ \mathrm{rpm} \quad\left(\sigma_{b,\mathrm{nom}}=\frac{S_y}{2}\right). \end{aligned} \]

Mechanical results use speed immediately before contact. Independently, constant-speed travel through angle \(\Delta\phi\) gives:

\[ \dot\phi=(6N)\ ^\circ/\mathrm{s},\qquad t_{\mathrm{travel}}=\frac{\Delta\phi\ [^\circ]}{6N}\ \mathrm{s}, \qquad t_{180^\circ}=\frac{30}{N}\ \mathrm{s}. \]
Elastic baseline; nominal n = 2 screen highlighted. Transfer times assume constant speed.
Speed N (rpm)Nominal bending stress (ksi)Bolt deflection (mm)Stopping rotation (°)180° transfer time (s)
213.30.3100.18715.0
320.00.4650.28010.0
426.70.6200.3737.50
4.27 — nominal \(n=2\) screen28.50.6620.3987.03

This nominal boundary corresponds to about 7.03 seconds for the rig’s 180° transfer at constant speed (approximately 4.27 rpm).

The analysis highlighted why the final approach matters: impact loading depends on speed at contact, not average transfer speed. The 7.03-second result is a constant-speed equivalent—not a measured transfer or compression duration—and remains separate from the thermal-test timestamps.

The nominal \(n=2\) result provided a bending benchmark for the design. At that boundary, additional cable/bungee work during compression would raise calculated stress above the criterion. The installed bolt’s free span, support/shank geometry, grade, thread stresses and preload remain unverified; the nominal factor of two does not validate those details.

Process

Testing exposed unstable torch mounting, unwanted heat transfer through fixtures, and thermal carryover between specimens. Advisor-guided revisions added a rigid multi-point torch mount, sliding rails, silica-cloth insulation, and embedded thermocouples to address those issues.

The final fixture was used in the thermal campaign. Post-revision cycling and bolt-inspection records are still needed to establish its repeated-impact durability.

1D Transient Heat-Conduction Model

The graphite reference provides an estimate of heating intensity from its back-face temperature trace. The model treats it as a 23.62 mm slab with constant \(k=130\ \mathrm{W/(m\,K)}\), \(\rho=1850\ \mathrm{kg/m^3}\), and \(c_p=700\ \mathrm{J/(kg\,K)}\):

\[ \rho c_p\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} =k\frac{\partial^2T}{\partial x^2}. \]

The hot face receives a nominal three-second constant-flux pulse. The insulated rear face is modeled as adiabatic, with uniform initial temperature and no lateral heat spreading:

\[ \begin{aligned} -kT_x(0,t)&=q(t), & T_x(L,t)&=0,\\ T(x,0)&=T_0. \end{aligned} \]
\[ q(t)=\begin{cases}q_0,&0<t<3\ \mathrm{s},\\0,&t\geq3\ \mathrm{s}.\end{cases} \]

The diffusion scale \(L^2/\alpha\approx5.6\ \mathrm{s}\), where \(\alpha=k/(\rho c_p)\), supports using a transient rather than steady-state model.

Inferring Heat Flux from Back-Face Temperature

A Crank–Nicolson solution with 101 spatial nodes and 0.01 s time steps predicts the rear-temperature rise. Because this constant-property model is linear in flux amplitude, a response \(\Delta T_{\mathrm{ref}}\) at \(q_{\mathrm{ref}}=1\ \mathrm{MW/m^2}\) can be scaled to fit the measurements:

\[ \widehat q_0=q_{\mathrm{ref}} \frac{\sum_{i\in W}\Delta T_{\mathrm{ref}}(t_i)\Delta T_{\mathrm{meas}}(t_i)} {\sum_{i\in W}\Delta T_{\mathrm{ref}}(t_i)^2}. \]

The fit uses the first 3.5 s after detected rear-temperature onset and retains the report’s 1.0129 gain on baseline-subtracted readings. That onset is not measured flame-on: resetting the model to a uniform temperature there is an approximation. The fitted fluxes therefore depend on the stated timing, properties, and boundary assumptions; they are not direct measurements of incident torch flux.

Test footage

Graphite-Reference Results and Thermal Dose

The graphite fits give an effective reference flux of 0.2592 MW/m² at baseline and 0.5844 MW/m² at the hot setting—about 2.25 times higher under the same model.

Graphite-model estimates and paired nominal specimen exposures
ConditionEffective reference flux (MW/m²)Fit residual RMSE (°C)Nominal ablator exposure (s)Reference-dose proxy (MJ/m²)
Baseline0.25921.02205.18
Hot0.58443.02105.84
Measured graphite logger traces and re-fitted one-dimensional model responses on shared axes. Baseline and hot traces are aligned to a detected back-face response, not measured flame-on. Solid curves are raw-derived readings and dashed curves are model fits, not experimental validation.
Graphite rear-temperature readings and fitted one-dimensional responses. Zero marks detected rear-temperature onset, not measured flame-on.

Multiplying each fitted reference flux by the paired specimen’s nominal exposure gives a graphite-equivalent dose proxy, \(Q_{\mathrm{eq}}\approx\widehat q_0t_{\mathrm{exp}}\). The proxies differ by about 13%, despite the twofold difference in exposure duration. They are not measurements of heat absorbed by ChamberSafe.

Fit residual RMSE describes model–data mismatch, not measurement uncertainty. Numerical refinement checks establish calculation consistency, not experimental accuracy.

Outcome

The fixture supported a graphite-reference and ablative-sample test campaign. The reference analysis showed why heating intensity must be considered alongside exposure duration when comparing torch tests.

Specimen Measurements

The ChamberSafe specimens had a reported material thickness of 0.495 in (12.573 mm). Initial and final masses provide the quantitative material-loss comparison:

Reported specimen masses and calculated net losses
Condition / nominal exposureInitial massFinal massNet mass loss
Hot · 10 s82.8 g73.9 g8.90 g · 10.75%
Baseline · 20 s82.08 g73.55 g8.53 g · 10.39%

Both specimens lost about 10% of their starting mass and developed darkened surfaces with localized depressions. Without weighing uncertainty and replicate tests, the small difference in net loss does not establish a performance difference. No quantitative recession-depth measurements are available; whole-specimen mass loss does not locate the damage.

Two exposed ablative bricks side by side: 10-second hot test on the left and 20-second baseline test on the right, with darkened surfaces and localized depressions
Left: 10 s, hot condition. Right: 20 s, baseline condition. Run identification supplied by the experimenter; no calibrated depth scale is present.

Back-Face Temperature and Measurement Limits

The recorded maximum rises were 0.317 °C at baseline and 0.241 °C in the hot run, using each log’s initial 5 s mean and the report’s 1.0129 gain. These are full-log excursions, not verified exposure-only peaks. Actual heating markers and channel-to-probe assignments were not recorded in the CSVs.

Measured ChamberSafe back-face readings, with the initial five-second reference window partitioned into illustrative graphite placement at 0–3 s and transition at 3–5 s. Colors match the sequence diagram; these are assumed placements, not recorded switching times. The initial mean subtraction, report gain, and measured traces are unchanged.
Illustrative test sequence, color-matched to the plot: graphite for 3 s, an assumed 2 s transition through 180°, then ChamberSafe ablative exposure for 20 s baseline or 10 s hot. Placement is not measured switching timing; block widths are not a time scale.

The small temperature changes, together with unresolved exposure timing, heat input, and sensor coupling, did not support reliable identification of ChamberSafe conductivity and specific heat. The data do not establish a thermocouple or DAQ failure, and the coupon tests do not establish engine thermal protection.

Next Measurements

The next campaign should record actual heating-on/off and transfer markers, verify probe attachment and acquisition stability, and continue logging through cooling. Repeat tests with controlled reference heating, matched specimen conditioning, documented weighing uncertainty, and measured surface recession would make the comparison more informative. Independent same-batch thermal-property measurements are needed before using those properties in a predictive material model.